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Mojibake (Japanese: 文字化け; IPA: [mod͡ʑibake]) is the garbled text that is the upshot of text being decoded using an unintended character encoding.[i] The issue is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, often from a different writing system.
This display may include the generic replacement graphic symbol ("�") in places where the binary representation is considered invalid. A replacement can as well involve multiple consecutive symbols, equally viewed in 1 encoding, when the same binary lawmaking constitutes one symbol in the other encoding. This is either because of differing constant length encoding (equally in Asian xvi-flake encodings vs European eight-bit encodings), or the use of variable length encodings (notably UTF-8 and UTF-16).
Failed rendering of glyphs due to either missing fonts or missing glyphs in a font is a different issue that is not to exist confused with mojibake. Symptoms of this failed rendering include blocks with the lawmaking point displayed in hexadecimal or using the generic replacement character. Importantly, these replacements are valid and are the result of correct fault treatment past the software.
Etymology [edit]
Mojibake means "graphic symbol transformation" in Japanese. The word is composed of 文字 (moji, IPA: [mod͡ʑi]), "grapheme" and 化け (bake, IPA: [bäke̞], pronounced "bah-keh"), "transform".
Causes [edit]
To correctly reproduce the original text that was encoded, the correspondence between the encoded information and the notion of its encoding must be preserved. As mojibake is the instance of non-compliance between these, information technology tin be achieved by manipulating the information itself, or simply relabeling information technology.
Mojibake is often seen with text data that take been tagged with a incorrect encoding; it may not even be tagged at all, only moved betwixt computers with dissimilar default encodings. A major source of trouble are communication protocols that rely on settings on each calculator rather than sending or storing metadata together with the data.
The differing default settings between computers are in part due to differing deployments of Unicode amid operating system families, and partly the legacy encodings' specializations for unlike writing systems of human being languages. Whereas Linux distributions mostly switched to UTF-8 in 2004,[2] Microsoft Windows generally uses UTF-16, and sometimes uses 8-bit code pages for text files in different languages.[ dubious ]
For some writing systems, an case beingness Japanese, several encodings accept historically been employed, causing users to see mojibake relatively often. Equally a Japanese case, the word mojibake "文字化け" stored as EUC-JP might be incorrectly displayed equally "ﾊｸｻ�ｽ､ｱ", "ﾊｸｻ嵂ｽ､ｱ" (MS-932), or "ﾊｸｻ郾ｽ､ｱ" (Shift JIS-2004). The same text stored as UTF-viii is displayed as "譁�蟄怜喧縺�" if interpreted as Shift JIS. This is further exacerbated if other locales are involved: the same UTF-8 text appears as "æ–‡å—化ã'" in software that assumes text to be in the Windows-1252 or ISO-8859-1 encodings, commonly labelled Western, or (for example) as "鏂囧瓧鍖栥亼" if interpreted equally beingness in a GBK (Mainland Communist china) locale.
| Original text | 文 | 字 | 化 | け | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raw bytes of EUC-JP encoding | CA | B8 | BB | FA | B2 | BD | A4 | B1 |
| Bytes interpreted as Shift-JIS encoding | ﾊ | ｸ | ｻ | 郾 | ｽ | ､ | ｱ | |
| Bytes interpreted as ISO-8859-1 encoding | Ê | ¸ | » | ú | ² | ½ | ¤ | ± |
| Bytes interpreted equally GBK encoding | 矢 | 机 | 步 | け | ||||
Underspecification [edit]
If the encoding is not specified, it is upwardly to the software to decide it by other means. Depending on the blazon of software, the typical solution is either configuration or charset detection heuristics. Both are prone to mis-prediction in not-so-uncommon scenarios.
The encoding of text files is afflicted by locale setting, which depends on the user'southward language, brand of operating system and mayhap other conditions. Therefore, the assumed encoding is systematically wrong for files that come from a figurer with a dissimilar setting, or even from a differently localized software within the same arrangement. For Unicode, ane solution is to use a byte order mark, but for source code and other machine readable text, many parsers don't tolerate this. Another is storing the encoding as metadata in the file system. File systems that support extended file attributes can store this as user.charset.[three] This likewise requires support in software that wants to have advantage of it, merely does not disturb other software.
While a few encodings are easy to detect, in particular UTF-8, there are many that are hard to distinguish (see charset detection). A web browser may non be able to distinguish a page coded in EUC-JP and another in Shift-JIS if the coding scheme is non assigned explicitly using HTTP headers sent along with the documents, or using the HTML document's meta tags that are used to substitute for missing HTTP headers if the server cannot be configured to send the proper HTTP headers; meet character encodings in HTML.
Mis-specification [edit]
Mojibake also occurs when the encoding is wrongly specified. This often happens between encodings that are like. For example, the Eudora email customer for Windows was known to transport emails labelled as ISO-8859-1 that were in reality Windows-1252.[4] The Mac OS version of Eudora did non exhibit this behaviour. Windows-1252 contains extra printable characters in the C1 range (the most often seen being curved quotation marks and extra dashes), that were non displayed properly in software complying with the ISO standard; this specially affected software running under other operating systems such as Unix.
Man ignorance [edit]
Of the encodings even so in use, many are partially compatible with each other, with ASCII as the predominant common subset. This sets the stage for human ignorance:
- Compatibility can be a deceptive property, as the common subset of characters is unaffected by a mixup of ii encodings (see Problems in dissimilar writing systems).
- People call back they are using ASCII, and tend to label whatever superset of ASCII they actually utilise equally "ASCII". Maybe for simplification, but even in bookish literature, the word "ASCII" can be found used as an example of something not compatible with Unicode, where apparently "ASCII" is Windows-1252 and "Unicode" is UTF-8.[one] Note that UTF-8 is backwards compatible with ASCII.
Overspecification [edit]
When there are layers of protocols, each trying to specify the encoding based on different information, the least sure information may exist misleading to the recipient. For case, consider a web server serving a static HTML file over HTTP. The character set up may exist communicated to the client in any number of 3 means:
- in the HTTP header. This information can exist based on server configuration (for instance, when serving a file off disk) or controlled by the application running on the server (for dynamic websites).
- in the file, equally an HTML meta tag (
http-equivorcharset) or theencodingattribute of an XML declaration. This is the encoding that the author meant to salvage the particular file in. - in the file, as a byte lodge mark. This is the encoding that the author'southward editor actually saved it in. Unless an accidental encoding conversion has happened (by opening it in one encoding and saving it in another), this will be right. Information technology is, notwithstanding, simply available in Unicode encodings such as UTF-eight or UTF-16.
Lack of hardware or software support [edit]
Much older hardware is typically designed to support only ane character set and the character set typically cannot be contradistinct. The character table contained within the brandish firmware will be localized to have characters for the country the device is to be sold in, and typically the tabular array differs from land to country. Equally such, these systems will potentially display mojibake when loading text generated on a organization from a different land. Likewise, many early operating systems do not support multiple encoding formats and thus will end upwards displaying mojibake if made to brandish non-standard text—early versions of Microsoft Windows and Palm Os for example, are localized on a per-country basis and will only support encoding standards relevant to the country the localized version volition exist sold in, and will brandish mojibake if a file containing a text in a different encoding format from the version that the Bone is designed to support is opened.
Resolutions [edit]
Applications using UTF-eight as a default encoding may reach a greater degree of interoperability considering of its widespread use and backward compatibility with The states-ASCII. UTF-viii also has the ability to be directly recognised by a unproblematic algorithm, and then that well written software should be able to avert mixing UTF-8 up with other encodings.
The difficulty of resolving an example of mojibake varies depending on the application within which it occurs and the causes of it. Two of the most common applications in which mojibake may occur are spider web browsers and word processors. Modern browsers and word processors oft back up a wide array of character encodings. Browsers often permit a user to change their rendering engine's encoding setting on the wing, while word processors allow the user to select the appropriate encoding when opening a file. Information technology may take some trial and error for users to find the correct encoding.
The problem gets more than complicated when it occurs in an application that unremarkably does not support a wide range of character encoding, such as in a non-Unicode figurer game. In this example, the user must change the operating organisation's encoding settings to match that of the game. Nevertheless, changing the system-broad encoding settings can also cause Mojibake in pre-existing applications. In Windows XP or later, a user also has the option to employ Microsoft AppLocale, an application that allows the changing of per-application locale settings. However, changing the operating arrangement encoding settings is not possible on earlier operating systems such as Windows 98; to resolve this effect on before operating systems, a user would take to use third party font rendering applications.
Problems in dissimilar writing systems [edit]
English [edit]
Mojibake in English language texts more often than not occurs in punctuation, such as em dashes (—), en dashes (–), and curly quotes (",",','), but rarely in character text, since most encodings agree with ASCII on the encoding of the English language alphabet. For instance, the pound sign "£" volition appear as "£" if it was encoded by the sender as UTF-8 just interpreted past the recipient as CP1252 or ISO 8859-1. If iterated using CP1252, this tin can atomic number 82 to "£", "£", "ÃÆ'‚£", etc.
Some computers did, in older eras, accept vendor-specific encodings which caused mismatch also for English text. Commodore brand 8-fleck computers used PETSCII encoding, particularly notable for inverting the upper and lower case compared to standard ASCII. PETSCII printers worked fine on other computers of the era, merely flipped the case of all letters. IBM mainframes use the EBCDIC encoding which does not lucifer ASCII at all.
Other Western European languages [edit]
The alphabets of the Northward Germanic languages, Catalan, Finnish, German language, French, Portuguese and Castilian are all extensions of the Latin alphabet. The boosted characters are typically the ones that become corrupted, making texts only mildly unreadable with mojibake:
- å, ä, ö in Finnish and Swedish
- à, ç, è, é, ï, í, ò, ó, ú, ü in Catalan
- æ, ø, å in Norwegian and Danish
- á, é, ó, ij, è, ë, ï in Dutch
- ä, ö, ü, and ß in German
- á, ð, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, ø in Faroese
- á, ð, é, í, ó, ú, ý, þ, æ, ö in Icelandic
- à, â, ç, è, é, ë, ê, ï, î, ô, ù, û, ü, ÿ, æ, œ in French
- à, è, é, ì, ò, ù in Italian
- á, é, í, ñ, ó, ú, ü, ¡, ¿ in Spanish
- à, á, â, ã, ç, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú in Portuguese (ü no longer used)
- á, é, í, ó, ú in Irish gaelic
- à, è, ì, ò, ù in Scottish Gaelic
- £ in British English language
… and their uppercase counterparts, if applicable.
These are languages for which the ISO-8859-1 character set (likewise known every bit Latin ane or Western) has been in utilise. Yet, ISO-8859-ane has been obsoleted past two competing standards, the backward compatible Windows-1252, and the slightly altered ISO-8859-xv. Both add the Euro sign € and the French œ, just otherwise any confusion of these three character sets does non create mojibake in these languages. Furthermore, it is e'er safety to interpret ISO-8859-ane as Windows-1252, and fairly safe to interpret it as ISO-8859-15, in detail with respect to the Euro sign, which replaces the rarely used currency sign (¤). Withal, with the advent of UTF-8, mojibake has become more common in sure scenarios, e.g. exchange of text files between UNIX and Windows computers, due to UTF-8's incompatibility with Latin-i and Windows-1252. But UTF-viii has the power to be directly recognised by a uncomplicated algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-8 up with other encodings, and then this was most common when many had software not supporting UTF-eight. Most of these languages were supported by MS-DOS default CP437 and other machine default encodings, except ASCII, so problems when buying an operating system version were less mutual. Windows and MS-DOS are not compatible withal.
In Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and German, vowels are rarely repeated, and it is usually obvious when ane graphic symbol gets corrupted, eastward.g. the 2nd letter of the alphabet in "kärlek" ( kärlek , "love"). This way, even though the reader has to guess betwixt å, ä and ö, almost all texts remain legible. Finnish text, on the other paw, does feature repeating vowels in words like hääyö ("wedding ceremony night") which can sometimes return text very hard to read (due east.k. hääyö appears equally "hääyö"). Icelandic and Faroese have ten and 8 possibly confounding characters, respectively, which thus can make it more hard to guess corrupted characters; Icelandic words similar þjóðlöð ("outstanding hospitality") become near entirely unintelligible when rendered as "þjóðlöð".
In German, Buchstabensalat ("alphabetic character salad") is a mutual term for this miracle, and in Spanish, deformación (literally deformation).
Some users transliterate their writing when using a computer, either by omitting the problematic diacritics, or by using digraph replacements (å → aa, ä/æ → ae, ö/ø → oe, ü → ue etc.). Thus, an author might write "ueber" instead of "über", which is standard practice in German when umlauts are not available. The latter practice seems to be better tolerated in the German linguistic communication sphere than in the Nordic countries. For example, in Norwegian, digraphs are associated with archaic Danish, and may be used jokingly. Notwithstanding, digraphs are useful in advice with other parts of the world. Every bit an example, the Norwegian football histrion Ole Gunnar Solskjær had his proper name spelled "SOLSKJAER" on his back when he played for Manchester United.
An antiquity of UTF-eight misinterpreted as ISO-8859-i, "Ring meg nÃ¥" (" Ring meg nå "), was seen in an SMS scam raging in Norway in June 2014.[v]
| Swedish instance: | Smörgås (open sandwich) | |
|---|---|---|
| File encoding | Setting in browser | Upshot |
| MS-DOS 437 | ISO 8859-ane | Sm"rg†due south |
| ISO 8859-1 | Mac Roman | SmˆrgÂs |
| UTF-8 | ISO 8859-1 | Smörgås |
| UTF-8 | Mac Roman | Smörgås |
Central and Eastern European [edit]
Users of Central and Eastern European languages can also be affected. Because virtually computers were not connected to whatever network during the mid- to tardily-1980s, there were unlike character encodings for every linguistic communication with diacritical characters (meet ISO/IEC 8859 and KOI-viii), ofttimes also varying past operating organization.
Hungarian [edit]
Hungarian is another affected language, which uses the 26 basic English language characters, plus the accented forms á, é, í, ó, ú, ö, ü (all present in the Latin-i character set), plus the two characters ő and ű, which are not in Latin-1. These two characters can be correctly encoded in Latin-2, Windows-1250 and Unicode. Earlier Unicode became common in e-mail clients, e-mails containing Hungarian text often had the letters ő and ű corrupted, sometimes to the betoken of unrecognizability. It is mutual to reply to an e-mail rendered unreadable (encounter examples beneath) by graphic symbol mangling (referred to equally "betűszemét", meaning "letter garbage") with the phrase "Árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép", a nonsense phrase (literally "Flood-resistant mirror-drilling machine") containing all accented characters used in Hungarian.
Examples [edit]
| Source encoding | Target encoding | Effect | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hungarian example | ÁRVÍZTŰRŐ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép | Characters in red are incorrect and do not match the top-left case. | |
| CP 852 | CP 437 | ╡RV╓ZTδRè TÜKÖRFΘRαGÉP árvízt√rï tükörfúrógép | This was very common in DOS-era when the text was encoded past the Fundamental European CP 852 encoding; however, the operating system, a software or printer used the default CP 437 encoding. Please note that small-example messages are mainly correct, exception with ő (ï) and ű (√). Ü/ü is correct considering CP 852 was fabricated compatible with German. Nowadays occurs mainly on printed prescriptions and cheques. |
| CWI-2 | CP 437 | ÅRVìZTÿRº TÜKÖRFùRòGÉP árvíztûrô tükörfúrógép | The CWI-ii encoding was designed so that the text remains fairly well-readable even if the display or printer uses the default CP 437 encoding. This encoding was heavily used in the 1980s and early on 1990s, only nowadays it is completely deprecated. |
| Windows-1250 | Windows-1252 | ÁRVÍZTÛRÕ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztûrõ tükörfúrógép | The default Western Windows encoding is used instead of the Cardinal-European one. Only ő-Ő (õ-Õ) and ű-Ű (û-Û) are wrong, only the text is completely readable. This is the about mutual fault present; due to ignorance, information technology occurs often on webpages or even in printed media. |
| CP 852 | Windows-1250 | µRVÖZTëRŠ TšM™RFéRŕG P rvˇztűr‹ t k"rfŁr˘thousand‚p | Key European Windows encoding is used instead of DOS encoding. The use of ű is right. |
| Windows-1250 | CP 852 | ┴RV═ZT█RŇ T▄MÍRF┌RËOne thousand╔P ßrvÝztűr§ tŘk÷rf˙rˇchiliadÚp | Central European DOS encoding is used instead of Windows encoding. The use of ű is correct. |
| Quoted-printable | seven-bit ASCII | =C1RV=CDZT=DBR=D5 T=DCK=D6RF=DAR=D3G=C9P =E1rv=EDzt=FBr=F5 t=FCg=F6rf=FAr=F3thou=E9p | Mainly caused by wrongly configured mail servers simply may occur in SMS messages on some jail cell-phones likewise. |
| UTF-8 | Windows-1252 | ÃRVÃZTÅ°RÅ TÃœThouÖRFÚRÃ"GÉP árvÃztűrÅ' tü1000örfúróone thousandép | Mainly caused by wrongly configured web services or webmail clients, which were not tested for international usage (equally the problem remains curtained for English texts). In this case the actual (often generated) content is in UTF-8; withal, it is not configured in the HTML headers, and so the rendering engine displays it with the default Western encoding. |
Polish [edit]
Prior to the cosmos of ISO 8859-ii in 1987, users of diverse calculating platforms used their own grapheme encodings such as AmigaPL on Amiga, Atari Club on Atari ST and Masovia, IBM CP852, Mazovia and Windows CP1250 on IBM PCs. Polish companies selling early DOS computers created their own mutually-incompatible ways to encode Polish characters and just reprogrammed the EPROMs of the video cards (typically CGA, EGA, or Hercules) to provide hardware code pages with the needed glyphs for Shine—arbitrarily located without reference to where other computer sellers had placed them.
The situation began to improve when, later on pressure from bookish and user groups, ISO 8859-2 succeeded every bit the "Internet standard" with limited back up of the dominant vendors' software (today largely replaced by Unicode). With the numerous problems caused by the variety of encodings, even today some users tend to refer to Smooth diacritical characters as krzaczki ([kshach-kih], lit. "trivial shrubs").
Russian and other Cyrillic alphabets [edit]
Mojibake may exist colloquially called krakozyabry ( кракозя́бры [krɐkɐˈzʲæbrɪ̈]) in Russian, which was and remains complicated past several systems for encoding Cyrillic.[6] The Soviet Union and early Russian Federation adult KOI encodings ( Kod Obmena Informatsiey , Код Обмена Информацией , which translates to "Code for Data Exchange"). This began with Cyrillic-only 7-bit KOI7, based on ASCII simply with Latin and some other characters replaced with Cyrillic letters. Then came 8-bit KOI8 encoding that is an ASCII extension which encodes Cyrillic letters merely with high-scrap set octets corresponding to seven-bit codes from KOI7. Information technology is for this reason that KOI8 text, fifty-fifty Russian, remains partially readable after stripping the 8th bit, which was considered as a major reward in the historic period of 8BITMIME-unaware e-mail systems. For example, words " Школа русского языка " shkola russkogo yazyka , encoded in KOI8 so passed through the high bit stripping process, end upwardly rendered as "[KOLA RUSSKOGO qZYKA". Eventually KOI8 gained different flavors for Russian and Bulgarian (KOI8-R), Ukrainian (KOI8-U), Belorussian (KOI8-RU) and even Tajik (KOI8-T).
Meanwhile, in the W, Code page 866 supported Ukrainian and Belarusian as well equally Russian/Bulgarian in MS-DOS. For Microsoft Windows, Code Page 1251 added back up for Serbian and other Slavic variants of Cyrillic.
Near recently, the Unicode encoding includes code points for practically all the characters of all the globe'south languages, including all Cyrillic characters.
Before Unicode, it was necessary to friction match text encoding with a font using the aforementioned encoding arrangement. Failure to practice this produced unreadable gibberish whose specific appearance varied depending on the verbal combination of text encoding and font encoding. For example, attempting to view non-Unicode Cyrillic text using a font that is limited to the Latin alphabet, or using the default ("Western") encoding, typically results in text that consists about entirely of vowels with diacritical marks. (KOI8 " Библиотека " ( biblioteka , library) becomes "âÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ".) Using Windows codepage 1251 to view text in KOI8 or vice versa results in garbled text that consists mostly of capital letters (KOI8 and codepage 1251 share the aforementioned ASCII region, but KOI8 has uppercase letters in the region where codepage 1251 has lowercase, and vice versa). In general, Cyrillic gibberish is symptomatic of using the wrong Cyrillic font. During the early years of the Russian sector of the Globe Wide Web, both KOI8 and codepage 1251 were common. As of 2017, ane can still encounter HTML pages in codepage 1251 and, rarely, KOI8 encodings, equally well as Unicode. (An estimated i.seven% of all web pages worldwide – all languages included – are encoded in codepage 1251.[7]) Though the HTML standard includes the ability to specify the encoding for any given spider web page in its source,[8] this is sometimes neglected, forcing the user to switch encodings in the browser manually.
In Bulgarian, mojibake is oft chosen majmunica ( маймуница ), meaning "monkey's [alphabet]". In Serbian, it is called đubre ( ђубре ), meaning "trash". Unlike the one-time USSR, South Slavs never used something like KOI8, and Code Page 1251 was the dominant Cyrillic encoding there before Unicode. Therefore, these languages experienced fewer encoding incompatibility troubles than Russian. In the 1980s, Bulgarian computers used their own MIK encoding, which is superficially like to (although incompatible with) CP866.
| Russian instance: | Кракозябры ( krakozyabry , garbage characters) | |
|---|---|---|
| File encoding | Setting in browser | Outcome |
| MS-DOS 855 | ISO 8859-i | Æá ÆÖóÞ¢áñ |
| KOI8-R | ISO 8859-1 | ëÒÁËÏÚÑÂÒÙ |
| UTF-8 | KOI8-R | п я─п╟п╨п╬п╥я▐п╠я─я▀ |
Yugoslav languages [edit]
Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian (the dialects of the Yugoslav Serbo-Croatian linguistic communication) and Slovenian add to the bones Latin alphabet the letters š, đ, č, ć, ž, and their capital counterparts Š, Đ, Č, Ć, Ž (only č/Č, š/Š and ž/Ž in Slovene; officially, although others are used when needed, mostly in foreign names, likewise). All of these messages are divers in Latin-2 and Windows-1250, while only some (š, Š, ž, Ž, Đ) exist in the usual OS-default Windows-1252, and are there because of some other languages.
Although Mojibake can occur with any of these characters, the letters that are not included in Windows-1252 are much more than prone to errors. Thus, fifty-fifty nowadays, "šđčćž ŠĐČĆŽ" is often displayed as "šðèæž ŠÐÈÆŽ", although ð, è, æ, È, Æ are never used in Slavic languages.
When bars to basic ASCII (nearly user names, for example), common replacements are: š→s, đ→dj, č→c, ć→c, ž→z (majuscule forms analogously, with Đ→Dj or Đ→DJ depending on word case). All of these replacements introduce ambiguities, so reconstructing the original from such a form is usually washed manually if required.
The Windows-1252 encoding is of import because the English versions of the Windows operating system are near widespread, non localized ones.[ citation needed ] The reasons for this include a relatively small and fragmented market, increasing the price of high quality localization, a high degree of software piracy (in turn caused by high cost of software compared to income), which discourages localization efforts, and people preferring English versions of Windows and other software.[ citation needed ]
The bulldoze to differentiate Croatian from Serbian, Bosnian from Croatian and Serbian, and now even Montenegrin from the other three creates many problems. In that location are many different localizations, using different standards and of different quality. There are no common translations for the vast amount of computer terminology originating in English. In the end, people use adopted English language words ("kompjuter" for "figurer", "kompajlirati" for "compile," etc.), and if they are unaccustomed to the translated terms may not understand what some pick in a card is supposed to practice based on the translated phrase. Therefore, people who understand English, as well every bit those who are accustomed to English terminology (who are most, because English terminology is also mostly taught in schools because of these problems) regularly cull the original English language versions of not-specialist software.
When Cyrillic script is used (for Macedonian and partially Serbian), the problem is like to other Cyrillic-based scripts.
Newer versions of English Windows allow the code page to be changed (older versions require special English versions with this support), but this setting tin be and often was incorrectly gear up. For case, Windows 98 and Windows Me can exist set to near non-right-to-left unmarried-byte code pages including 1250, simply only at install time.
Caucasian languages [edit]
The writing systems of certain languages of the Caucasus region, including the scripts of Georgian and Armenian, may produce mojibake. This problem is particularly acute in the case of ArmSCII or ARMSCII, a gear up of obsolete character encodings for the Armenian alphabet which have been superseded past Unicode standards. ArmSCII is not widely used because of a lack of support in the computer industry. For case, Microsoft Windows does not back up it.
Asian encodings [edit]
Another type of mojibake occurs when text is erroneously parsed in a multi-byte encoding, such as one of the encodings for E Asian languages. With this kind of mojibake more than 1 (typically ii) characters are corrupted at once, due east.g. "k舐lek" ( kärlek ) in Swedish, where " är " is parsed as "舐". Compared to the above mojibake, this is harder to read, since letters unrelated to the problematic å, ä or ö are missing, and is specially problematic for short words starting with å, ä or ö such as "än" (which becomes "舅"). Since ii letters are combined, the mojibake also seems more random (over 50 variants compared to the normal 3, non counting the rarer capitals). In some rare cases, an entire text string which happens to include a blueprint of item word lengths, such every bit the sentence "Bush-league hid the facts", may exist misinterpreted.
Vietnamese [edit]
In Vietnamese, the phenomenon is called chữ ma , loạn mã can occur when computer attempt to encode diacritic character divers in Windows-1258, TCVN3 or VNI to UTF-8. Chữ ma was common in Vietnam when user was using Windows XP computer or using cheap mobile phone.
| Instance: | Trăm năm trong cõi người ta (Truyện Kiều, Nguyễn Du) | |
|---|---|---|
| Original encoding | Target encoding | Result |
| Windows-1258 | UTF-eight | Trăm năm trong cõi ngÆ°á»i ta |
| TCVN3 | UTF-8 | Tr¨chiliad due north¨m trong câi ngêi ta |
| VNI (Windows) | UTF-8 | Traêm northwardaêm trong coõi ngöôøi ta |
Japanese [edit]
In Japanese, the same phenomenon is, as mentioned, called mojibake ( 文字化け ). It is a particular problem in Nippon due to the numerous dissimilar encodings that exist for Japanese text. Alongside Unicode encodings like UTF-viii and UTF-16, at that place are other standard encodings, such as Shift-JIS (Windows machines) and EUC-JP (UNIX systems). Mojibake, too as being encountered by Japanese users, is also often encountered by not-Japanese when attempting to run software written for the Japanese market.
Chinese [edit]
In Chinese, the same miracle is called Luàn mǎ (Pinyin, Simplified Chinese 乱码 , Traditional Chinese 亂碼 , significant 'cluttered code'), and can occur when computerised text is encoded in i Chinese character encoding but is displayed using the wrong encoding. When this occurs, information technology is often possible to fix the result by switching the character encoding without loss of data. The state of affairs is complicated because of the existence of several Chinese character encoding systems in use, the nearly common ones beingness: Unicode, Big5, and Guobiao (with several backward compatible versions), and the possibility of Chinese characters being encoded using Japanese encoding.
It is like shooting fish in a barrel to identify the original encoding when luanma occurs in Guobiao encodings:
| Original encoding | Viewed as | Result | Original text | Annotation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Big5 | GB | ?T瓣в变巨肚 | 三國志曹操傳 | Garbled Chinese characters with no hint of original meaning. The crimson character is not a valid codepoint in GB2312. |
| Shift-JIS | GB | 暥帤壔偗僥僗僩 | 文字化けテスト | Kana is displayed as characters with the radical 亻, while kanji are other characters. Near of them are extremely uncommon and not in applied apply in modern Chinese. |
| EUC-KR | GB | 叼力捞钙胶 抛农聪墨 | 디제이맥스 테크니카 | Random common Simplified Chinese characters which in near cases make no sense. Easily identifiable because of spaces between every several characters. |
An additional problem is acquired when encodings are missing characters, which is mutual with rare or blowsy characters that are still used in personal or place names. Examples of this are Taiwanese politicians Wang Chien-shien (Chinese: 王建煊; pinyin: Wáng Jiànxuān )'southward "煊", Yu Shyi-kun (simplified Chinese: 游锡堃; traditional Chinese: 游錫堃; pinyin: Yóu Xíkūn )'southward "堃" and singer David Tao (Chinese: 陶喆; pinyin: Táo Zhé )'s "喆" missing in Big5, ex-PRC Premier Zhu Rongji (Chinese: 朱镕基; pinyin: Zhū Róngjī )'s "镕" missing in GB2312, copyright symbol "©" missing in GBK.[nine]
Newspapers take dealt with this problem in various ways, including using software to combine two existing, similar characters; using a picture of the personality; or but substituting a homophone for the rare character in the hope that the reader would be able to make the correct inference.
Indic text [edit]
A similar effect can occur in Brahmic or Indic scripts of Southern asia, used in such Indo-Aryan or Indic languages as Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Bengali, Panjabi, Marāthi, and others, even if the character set employed is properly recognized by the application. This is because, in many Indic scripts, the rules by which private letter symbols combine to create symbols for syllables may not be properly understood by a computer missing the appropriate software, fifty-fifty if the glyphs for the private alphabetic character forms are available.
One example of this is the quondam Wikipedia logo, which attempts to show the character analogous to "wi" (the first syllable of "Wikipedia") on each of many puzzle pieces. The puzzle piece meant to bear the Devanagari character for "wi" instead used to display the "wa" character followed by an unpaired "i" modifier vowel, easily recognizable every bit mojibake generated by a computer not configured to brandish Indic text.[10] The logo as redesigned equally of May 2010[ref] has stock-still these errors.
The idea of Evidently Text requires the operating system to provide a font to display Unicode codes. This font is different from OS to Os for Singhala and it makes orthographically incorrect glyphs for some letters (syllables) across all operating systems. For case, the 'reph', the brusque grade for 'r' is a diacritic that normally goes on top of a plain alphabetic character. Even so, information technology is wrong to continue top of some letters similar 'ya' or 'la' in specific contexts. For Sanskritic words or names inherited past mod languages, such every bit कार्य, IAST: kārya, or आर्या, IAST: āryā, information technology is apt to put it on top of these letters. Past contrast, for similar sounds in modern languages which result from their specific rules, information technology is non put on pinnacle, such as the give-and-take करणाऱ्या, IAST: karaṇāryā, a stem form of the common word करणारा/री, IAST: karaṇārā/rī, in the Marathi language.[11] But information technology happens in almost operating systems. This appears to exist a fault of internal programming of the fonts. In Mac OS and iOS, the muurdhaja l (dark l) and 'u' combination and its long form both yield wrong shapes.[ citation needed ]
Some Indic and Indic-derived scripts, most notably Lao, were non officially supported by Windows XP until the release of Vista.[12] However, diverse sites accept made free-to-download fonts.
Burmese [edit]
Due to Western sanctions[13] and the late inflow of Burmese linguistic communication support in computers,[14] [15] much of the early Burmese localization was homegrown without international cooperation. The prevailing means of Burmese support is via the Zawgyi font, a font that was created as a Unicode font but was in fact just partially Unicode compliant.[15] In the Zawgyi font, some codepoints for Burmese script were implemented as specified in Unicode, merely others were non.[16] The Unicode Consortium refers to this as ad hoc font encodings.[17] With the appearance of mobile phones, mobile vendors such as Samsung and Huawei just replaced the Unicode compliant system fonts with Zawgyi versions.[14]
Due to these ad hoc encodings, communications between users of Zawgyi and Unicode would render as garbled text. To get around this effect, content producers would make posts in both Zawgyi and Unicode.[18] Myanmar government has designated i October 2019 as "U-Mean solar day" to officially switch to Unicode.[13] The full transition is estimated to take ii years.[nineteen]
African languages [edit]
In certain writing systems of Africa, unencoded text is unreadable. Texts that may produce mojibake include those from the Horn of Africa such every bit the Ge'ez script in Ethiopia and Eritrea, used for Amharic, Tigre, and other languages, and the Somali language, which employs the Osmanya alphabet. In Southern Africa, the Mwangwego alphabet is used to write languages of Malawi and the Mandombe alphabet was created for the Democratic Republic of the congo, but these are not generally supported. Various other writing systems native to Westward Africa present similar problems, such as the North'Ko alphabet, used for Manding languages in Guinea, and the Vai syllabary, used in Liberia.
Arabic [edit]
Another affected language is Arabic (see beneath). The text becomes unreadable when the encodings do not match.
Examples [edit]
| File encoding | Setting in browser | Result |
|---|---|---|
| Standard arabic instance: |  (Universal Annunciation of Human Rights) | |
| Browser rendering: | الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان | |
| UTF-viii | Windows-1252 | الإعلان العالمى Ù„Øقوق الإنسان |
| KOI8-R | О╩©ь╖ы└ь╔ь╧ы└ь╖ы├ ь╖ы└ь╧ь╖ы└ы┘ы┴ ы└ь╜ы┌ы┬ы┌ ь╖ы└ь╔ы├ьЁь╖ы├ | |
| ISO 8859-5 | яЛПиЇй�иЅиЙй�иЇй� иЇй�иЙиЇй�й�й� й�ий�й�й� иЇй�иЅй�иГиЇй� | |
| CP 866 | я╗┐╪з┘Д╪е╪╣┘Д╪з┘Ж ╪з┘Д╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е┘Й ┘Д╪н┘В┘И┘В ╪з┘Д╪е┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж | |
| ISO 8859-6 | ُ؛؟ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ظ�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ع�ع� ع�ظع�ع�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع� | |
| ISO 8859-ii | اŮ�ŘĽŘšŮ�اŮ� اŮ�ؚاŮ�Ů�Ů� Ů�ŘŮ�Ů�Ů� اŮ�ŘĽŮ�ساŮ� | |
| Windows-1256 | Windows-1252 | ÇáÅÚáÇä ÇáÚÇáãì áÍÞæÞ ÇáÅäÓÇä |
The examples in this commodity exercise not have UTF-8 as browser setting, because UTF-8 is easily recognisable, so if a browser supports UTF-8 it should recognise it automatically, and not attempt to interpret something else equally UTF-8.
Come across besides [edit]
- Code point
- Replacement character
- Substitute character
- Newline – The conventions for representing the line break differ between Windows and Unix systems. Though nearly software supports both conventions (which is trivial), software that must preserve or brandish the deviation (e.g. version command systems and data comparing tools) can get substantially more hard to use if not adhering to one convention.
- Byte order marking – The most in-band manner to shop the encoding together with the data – prepend it. This is by intention invisible to humans using compliant software, but volition past blueprint exist perceived as "garbage characters" to incompliant software (including many interpreters).
- HTML entities – An encoding of special characters in HTML, mostly optional, but required for sure characters to escape interpretation as markup.
While failure to apply this transformation is a vulnerability (see cross-site scripting), applying information technology too many times results in garbling of these characters. For example, the quotation mark
"becomes",","and so on. - Bush hid the facts
References [edit]
- ^ a b King, Ritchie (2012). "Volition unicode before long be the universal code? [The Data]". IEEE Spectrum. 49 (seven): 60. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2012.6221090.
- ^ WINDISCHMANN, Stephan (31 March 2004). "roll -5 linux.ars (Internationalization)". Ars Technica . Retrieved v October 2018.
- ^ "Guidelines for extended attributes". 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2015-02-15 .
- ^ "Unicode mailinglist on the Eudora email client". 2001-05-xiii. Retrieved 2014-11-01 .
- ^ "sms-scam". June 18, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
- ^ p. 141, Control + Alt + Delete: A Lexicon of Cyberslang, Jonathon Keats, Globe Pequot, 2007, ISBN 1-59921-039-viii.
- ^ "Usage of Windows-1251 for websites".
- ^ "Declaring grapheme encodings in HTML".
- ^ "Communist china GBK (XGB)". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2002-10-01. Conversion map between Lawmaking page 936 and Unicode. Need manually selecting GB18030 or GBK in browser to view information technology correctly.
- ^ Cohen, Noam (June 25, 2007). "Some Errors Defy Fixes: A Typo in Wikipedia's Logo Fractures the Sanskrit". The New York Times . Retrieved July 17, 2009.
- ^ https://marä thi.indiatyping.com/
- ^ "Content Moved (Windows)". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2014-02-05 .
- ^ a b "Unicode in, Zawgyi out: Modernity finally catches up in Myanmar's digital earth". The Nippon Times. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 24 Dec 2019.
October. ane is "U-Day", when Myanmar officially will adopt the new organisation.... Microsoft and Apple helped other countries standardize years ago, but Western sanctions meant Myanmar lost out.
- ^ a b Hotchkiss, Griffin (March 23, 2016). "Battle of the fonts". Frontier Myanmar . Retrieved 24 December 2019.
With the release of Windows XP service pack two, complex scripts were supported, which made it possible for Windows to render a Unicode-compliant Burmese font such as Myanmar1 (released in 2005). ... Myazedi, BIT, and later on Zawgyi, confining the rendering trouble by adding actress lawmaking points that were reserved for Myanmar'south ethnic languages. Not only does the re-mapping prevent hereafter indigenous language back up, it also results in a typing system that tin be confusing and inefficient, even for experienced users. ... Huawei and Samsung, the two almost popular smartphone brands in Myanmar, are motivated only past capturing the largest market share, which ways they back up Zawgyi out of the box.
- ^ a b Sin, Thant (vii September 2019). "Unified under one font system as Myanmar prepares to migrate from Zawgyi to Unicode". Rising Voices . Retrieved 24 December 2019.
Standard Myanmar Unicode fonts were never mainstreamed different the individual and partially Unicode compliant Zawgyi font. ... Unicode will improve natural language processing
- ^ "Why Unicode is Needed". Google Code: Zawgyi Project . Retrieved 31 October 2013.
- ^ "Myanmar Scripts and Languages". Frequently Asked Questions. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
"UTF-8" technically does not apply to ad hoc font encodings such as Zawgyi.
- ^ LaGrow, Nick; Pruzan, Miri (September 26, 2019). "Integrating autoconversion: Facebook's path from Zawgyi to Unicode - Facebook Applied science". Facebook Engineering. Facebook. Retrieved 25 Dec 2019.
It makes communication on digital platforms difficult, every bit content written in Unicode appears garbled to Zawgyi users and vice versa. ... In order to amend reach their audiences, content producers in Myanmar frequently post in both Zawgyi and Unicode in a unmarried post, non to mention English or other languages.
- ^ Saw Yi Nanda (21 Nov 2019). "Myanmar switch to Unicode to accept ii years: app developer". The Myanmar Times . Retrieved 24 December 2019.
External links [edit]
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake
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